Wednesday, November 28th

A. Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

Form

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked	form of 'have' + been + verb + ing Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking he / she / it has been speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played	Exceptions when adding 'ing' : silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming aber: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

When do we use each?

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: 

• We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. 
• We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.

Result or duration?

Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.	Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

Emphasis on completion or duration?

Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)	Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

Signal words

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
how often ... times	how long since for

Exercises: Present Perfect & Present Perfect Continuous

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

Robin: I think the waiter (forget)  us. We (wait)  here for over half an hour and nobody (take)  our order yet.

Michele: I think you're right. He (walk)  by us at least twenty times. He probably thinks we (order, already) .

Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only)  here for five or ten minutes and they already have their food.

Michele: He must realize we (order, not)  yet! We (sit)  here for over half an hour staring at him.

Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even)  us. He (run)  from table to table taking orders and serving food.

Michele: That's true, and he (look, not)  in our direction once

1. Judy: How long (be)  in Canada?
Claude: I (study)  here for more than three years.

2. I (have)  the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one.

3. I (love)  chocolate since I was a child. You might even call me a "chocoholic."

4. Matt and Sarah (have)  some difficulties in their relationship lately, so they (go)  to a marriage counselor. I hope they work everything out.

5. John (work)  for the government since he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he (enjoy)  his work, but now he is talking about retiring.

6. Lately, I (think)  about changing my career because I (become)  dissatisfied with the conditions at my company.

7. I (see)  Judy for more than five years and during that time I (see)  many changes in her personality.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. A: (you / take)  the dog for a walk yet?
2. B: I (work)  all day. I (come / just)  home from work and I (have / not)  the time yet to walk the dog.
3. A: How long (the dog / be)  home alone?
4. B: For about 6 hours. You (walk / not)  the dog for a long time. Don't you want to go?
5. A: Well, I (laze / not)  about all day either, you know. I have a very important meeting tomorrow and I still (finish / not)  my presentation.
6. B: Okay, I will go then. Where (you / put)  collar and leash?
7. A: They are in the kitchen. By the way, (you / eat)  anything yet? If not, could you get us something from the supermarket?

B. Tell me about yourself!

• List 3 professional accomplishments
• List 3 personal accomplishments
• List 3 professional activities that you have been doing for over 3 months
• List 3 personal activities that you have been doing for over 3 months

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D. English Conditionals

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“

Were instead of Was

In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.

Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I had more money, I wouldn't live here.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had taken that job, I would have made a lot of money.

Conditional Sentences Type I

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.

• If you (go)  out with your friends tonight, I (watch)  the football match on TV.
• I (earn)  a lot of money if I (get)  that job.
• If she (hurry / not) , we (miss)  the bus.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE II

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.

• If he (try)  harder, he (reach)  his goals.
• I (buy)  these shoes if they (fit) .
• It (surprise / not)  me if he (know / not)  the answer.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE III

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.

• If we (listen)  to the radio, we (hear)  the news.
• If you (switch)  on the lights, you (fall / not)  over the chair.
• She (come)  to our party if she (be / not)  on holiday.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE I, II OR III

Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).

• If I amwill bewerehad beenwould bewould have been stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
• If we'd seen you, we stopwill stopstoppedhad stoppedwould stopwould have stopped.
• If we meetwill meetmethad metwould meetwould have met him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
• He would have repaired the car himself if he haswill havehadhad hadwould havewould have had the tools.
• If you drop the vase, it breakswill breakbrokehad brokenwould breakwould have broken.
• If I hadn't studied, I do not passwill not passdid not passhad not passedwould not passwould not have passed the exam.
• I wouldn't go to school by bus if I havewill havehadhad hadwould havewould have had a driving licence.
• If she doesn't seewon't seehadn't seendidn't seewouldn't seewouldn't have seen him every day, she'd be lovesick.
• I don't travelwon't traveldidn't travelhadn't travelledwouldn't travelwouldn't have travelled to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
• We'd be stupid if we tellwill telltoldhad toldwould tellwould have told him about our secret.

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what do you think....?

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